Ciberdubtes de la llengua catalana: feminine

There are a set of cases with changes in both their stems and morphemes when dealing with both gender and number.

SINGULAR		PLURAL			ENGLISH
MASC.	FEM.		MASC.	FEM.
*rus* *ros*	*russa* *rossa*		*russos* *rossos*	*russes* *rosses*	Russian blond
*capaç* *feliç*			*capaços* *feliços*	*capaces* *felices*	able, capable happy
*català* *italià*	*catalana* *italiana*		*catalans* *italians*	*catalanes* *italianes*	Catalan Italian
*ple* *xilè*	*plena* *xilena*		*plens* *xilens*	*plenes* *xilenes*	full Chilean
*masculí* *ballarí*	*masculina* *ballarina*		*masculins* *ballarins*	*masculines* *ballarines*	male dancer(s)
*rodó*	*rodons*		*rodona*	*rodones*	round
*cansat* *avorrit*	*cansada* *avorrida*		*cansats* *avorrits*	*cansades* *avorrides*	tired bored
*llop*	*lloba*		*llops*	*llobes*	wolf (wolves)
*serf*	*serva*		*serfs*	*serves*	servant
*nou* *intensiu* *esclau*	*nova* *intensiva* *esclava*		*nous* *intensius* *esclaus*	*noves* *intensives* *esclaves*	new intensive slave

1. The transformation of masculine into feminine affects nouns and adjectives. When gender is related to sex, the unmarked masculine form may take a feminine form. The procedures do get it are quite different in Catalan.

2. The following table refers to the main procedures to form the feminine. Observe that in some cases no morpheme is added, which means that both masculine and feminine are alike. No difference is made between nouns and adjectives (the case of abellot and cabrot corresponds to masculine nouns formed from feminine ones).

The hand on the left refers to exceptions.

MASCULINE			FEMININE	ENGLISH
*important* *gran*				important big
F		*dolent*	*dolenta*	bad
*esplèndid* *ridícul* *absurd* *malalt* *prim*			*esplèndida* *ridícula* *absurda* *malalta* *prima*	splendid ridiculous absurd ill thin
*francès* *portuguès* *meravellós* *grandiós*			*francesa* *portuguesa* *meravellosa* *grandiosa*	French Portuguese wonderful grand, great
*cansat* *sofisticat* *advocat* *nebot*			*cansada* *sofisticada* *advocada* *neboda*	tired sophisticated lawyer niece
F	*candidat* *remot* *net*		*candidata* *remota* *neta*	candidate remote clean
*llop*			*lloba*	wolf
*serf*			*serva*	servant
*cambrer* *sabater* *pastisser* *botiguer*			*cambrera* *sabatera* *pastissera* *botiguera*	waiter > waitress shoemaker pastry maker shopkeeper
*oficinista* *especialista* *taxista*				clerk specialist taxi driver
*fiscal* *addicional* *original* *individual* *nacional*				attorney additional original individual national
*secretari* *empresari*			*secretària* *empresària*	secretary entrepreneur
*relatiu* *educatiu* *escandinau* *esclau* *nou*			*relativa* *educativa* *escandinava* *esclava* *nova*	relative educational Scandinavian slave new
*hebreu* *europeu*			*hebrea* *europea*	Hebrew European
F	*hereu* *jueu*		*hereva* *jueva*	heir Jew(ish)
*català* *italià* *americà* *llunyà*			*catalana* *italiana* *americana* *llunyana*	Catalan Italian American remote
*ple* *xilè*			*plena* *xilena*	full Chilean
*masculí* *femení* *ballarí*			*masculina* *femenina* *ballarina*	masculine feminine dancer (> ballerina)
*rodó* *campió*			*rodona* *campiona*	round champion
*comú*			*comuna*	common
*amic* *grec*			*amiga* *grega*	friend Greek
*públic* *científic*			*pública* *científica*	public scientific; scientist
*mestre*			*mestra*	teacher
*professor* *lector* *elector*			*professora* *lectora* *electora*	teacher, lecturer assistant teacher elector
*rus* *ros* *mestís* *gros*			*russa* *rossa* *mestissa* *grossa*	Russian blond half-blood gross, fat
*feliç* *capaç*				happy capable
*mosso* *maco* *guapo*			*mossa* *maca* *guapa*	youngster nice, funny handsome > pretty
*superflu* *vidu* nu *cru*			*supèrflua* *vídua* *nua* *crua*	superfluous widower > widow naked raw
*biòleg* *filòleg* *psicòleg*			*biòloga* *filòloga* *psicòloga*	biologist philologist psychologist
*salvatge* *suïcida* *homicida* *jove* *belga*				wild self-murderer murderer young Belgian
*poeta* *príncep* *duc* *marquès* *comte* *vampir* *diable* *hoste* *jutge* *sacerdot* *déu*			*poetessa* (old-fashioned) *princesa* *duquessa* *marquesa* *comtessa* *vampiressa* *diablessa* *hostessa* *jutgessa* *sacerdotessa* *dea/deessa*	poet prince > princess duke > duchess marquis > marquise count > countess vampire devil host judge priest > priestess god > goddess
*heroi* *gall* *tsar*			*heroïna* *gallina* *tsarina*	hero > heroine rooster > hen tsar > tsarina
*emperador* *ambaixador* *actor*			*emperadriu* *ambaixadora/ambaixadriu* *actriu*	emperor > empress ambassador actor > actress
*abellot* *bruixot* *cabrot*			*abella* *bruixa* *cabra*	bee wizard > witch goat
*ase* *cavall* *pare* *home* *toro, bou* *gos* *oncle* *marit* *porc*			*somera* *euga/egua* *mare* *dona* *vaca* *gossa/cussa* *tia* *dona* *truja*	donkey horse (> mare) father > mother man > woman bull > cow dog uncle > aunt husband > wife pig

Pàgines

divendres, 21 de novembre del 2014

INFLECTION: PHONETIC CHANGES IN GENDER AND NUMBER

INFLECTION: FORMATION OF FEMININE

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